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Consistent with this finding, a newly developed, automated quantification of c-Fos expression in SpVc revealed that co-stimulation with PEA or lavender profoundly reduced network activity in the presence of AITC. DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. We found that the floral odorants phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and lavender oil mitigated the aversive response to AITC. The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with. Animals were tested 21, 27 and 46 hfollowing trophallaxis in a cumulative fashion. Data are presented for the first (PE 1, white bars), the second (PE 2, grey bars) and the third test (PE 3, black bars). Using the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) as noxious stimulus, we quantified the aversive response and the perceived pain intensity by evaluating explorative running and the mouse grimace scale, respectively. Once in the arena, all the animals received scented (5 l l-1) 1.8 mol l-1 sucrose solution during trophallaxis. We studied the impact of olfactory co-stimulation on pain-related behavior and SpVc neural activity in mice. SpVc also receives modulatory signals from other brain areas, which can alleviate the perception of headache. Trigeminal and olfactory stimuli (see above) were applied in a plastic box and placed in the middle of the test arena, which was then closed with a Plexiglas lid. Chemical stimuli were placed into the arena 10 min prior to the mouse. As the main relay center for nociceptive signals, SpVc conducts pain-related signals from various regions of the head toward higher levels of central processing such as the thalamus. Experiments were conducted in an open-field test arena (42 cm × 42 cm × 42 cm). The spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) in the mammalian brainstem serves a pivotal function in pain processing.